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Third President of the United States
in Congress Assembled
November 5, 1781 to November 4, 1782
www.johnhanson.net
Copyright © Stan Klos, President Who? Forgotten Founders 2004 & 2008
The Third United American Republic
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781 | July 6, 1781 | |
July 10, 1781 | Declined Office | |
July 10, 1781 | November 4, 1781 | |
November 5, 1781 | November 3, 1782 | |
November 4, 1782 | November 2, 1783 | |
November 3, 1783 | June 3, 1784 | |
November 30, 1784 | November 22, 1785 | |
November 23, 1785 | June 5, 1786 | |
June 6, 1786 | February 1, 1787 | |
February 2, 1787 | January 21, 1788 | |
January 22, 1788 | January 21, 1789 |
Upon John Hanson’s election as president of the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) on November 5, 1781, there was little commentary in the delegates' letters. Achieving the minimum quorum of seven states had nearly failed, as New Jersey was at risk of lacking sufficient representation. Elias Boudinot, who had intended to return to New Jersey, was persuaded by his peers to stay so New Jersey would retain two delegates and fulfill the quorum requirement. Boudinot wrote to John Stevens on that day:
"Embarrassed on this Occasion, I was preparing to return home, having had no Idea of remaining here longer than this day, being the Terms on which I first accepted the Appointment. Indeed had this not been the Case, the exhausted State of my Finances and the derangement of my Family Affairs would oblige me to return… However, as there were only Mr. Clark & myself here, and our Presence absolutely necessary to form a Congress in this important Conjuncture, We took our Seats this Day and have proceeded to the Choice of a President, Mr. Hanson of Maryland."【28】
The day following his election, Hanson wrote to Philip Thomas, noting that he had resigned his position in the Maryland Assembly:
"I am favored with yours by the post. I have Wrote to the speaker of the House of Delegates resigning my Seat in the Legislature. Which you will immediately make public… The Business of the present session will be important indeed and will require much Wisdom and Cool deliberation to conduct it properly."【29】
On November 10, 1781, Hanson penned a letter of gratitude to former president Thomas McKean, acknowledging his contributions:
"It is always a pleasing task to pay a just tribute to distinguished Merit… When I reflect upon the great abilities, the exemplary patience and unequalled skill and punctuality, which you so eminently displayed in executing the important duties of a President, it must unavoidably be productive of great apprehensions in the one who has the honor of being your Successor… it shall be my unremitting study to imitate it as far as possible…"【30】
That same day, Hanson also wrote to George Washington, emphasizing the importance of their correspondence:
"I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency a copy of an Act of Congress… Any intelligence worth communicating, which first reaches me, shall be related with unreserved freedom, candor & punctuality- And permit me to hope for a similar treatment from your Excellency… The events of the present Campaign will, no doubt, fill the most brilliant pages in the history of America."【31】
Two days later, Hanson contemplated resigning due to poor health, family responsibilities, and the "irksome" nature of the formalities required of the presidency. However, fellow members urged him to stay, citing the challenge of electing a successor, as only seven states were represented at the time. Hanson agreed to continue, contingent upon his re-election as a delegate by the Maryland Assembly. On November 16, he wrote to his wife Jane, asking her to join him in Philadelphia:
"…acquainting you… of my intentions of resigning my Seat as president of Congress… but some of the members Expressing their dissatisfaction at my so-soon laying Congress under the difficulty of Electing Another… I Shall Continue, unless the assembly of our State Should leave me out of their Delegation."
On November 28, 1781, Maryland reappointed Hanson as one of its four delegates, allowing him to continue his role as president【32】. Yet, like his predecessors, Hanson faced the issue of inconsistent delegate attendance. On behalf of the USCA, he was required to write to the states about the lack of representation:
"Congress feel themselves reduced to the disagreeable necessity of directing me to write to your Excellency respecting the deficiency of a Representation from your State… For a considerable time past only seven States have been represented, and those merely by the essential number of Delegates… Permit me, Sir, to flatter myself that it is superfluous to urge anything more upon this delicate but momentous subject…"【33】
Two days after John Hanson’s election as president, Edmund Randolph’s motion to conduct a national census faced an early challenge for the new USCA. Although 21 delegates supported the motion and only two opposed, the measure failed due to the quorum requirements of the Articles of Confederation, which necessitated a minimum of seven states for major decisions. On November 17, 1781, only six states were fully represented, as two delegations were divided and five states were absent. Randolph, who later helped draft the U.S. Constitution of 1787, ensured that a decennial census became a requirement, likely recalling this quorum issue and its consequences【34】.
Despite the recent victory at Yorktown, the Confederation government faced significant challenges in governing the United States. John Hanson and the USCA, however, acknowledged the valiant contributions of General Lafayette in Virginia, where he had defended against Cornwallis while Washington prepared to confront General Clinton in New York. Under Hanson’s leadership, the USCA directed him to write Lafayette on November 24, 1781:
"It is with infinite pleasure and satisfaction, that I transmit to you the enclosed copy of an Act of Congress of the 23d instant… Congress, being sensible of your great ability, integrity and fortitude, and your distinguished and zealous attachment to the cause of America, have, with the greatest cheerfulness, bestowed upon you the new and great marks of confidence & esteem contained in that Act…"【35】
The USCA also instructed the Secretary for Foreign Affairs to prepare a letter of thanks to King Louis XVI of France, which Lafayette would carry on his return.
Later that month, George Washington arrived in Philadelphia and was formally received at Independence Hall. John Hanson welcomed him on behalf of Congress, saying:
"Sir: Congress, at all times happy in seeing your Excellency, feel particular pleasure in your presence at this time, after the glorious success of the allied arms in Virginia… It is their expectation that your Excellency would remain for some time in Philadelphia… that you may enjoy a respite from the fatigues of war, as far as is consistent with the service."
Washington replied:
"Mr. President: I feel very sensibly the favorable declaration of Congress expressed by your Excellency… A compliance on their parts will, I persuade myself, be productive of the most happy consequences… Should the service require my attendance with the army upon the North River, or elsewhere, I shall repair to whatever place my duty calls…"【36】
After Washington returned to the field, the USCA continued a trend that weakened the president’s powers, transferring many responsibilities to committees, departments, and federal officials. A significant shift occurred in 1781 with the appointment of Robert Morris as Superintendent of Finance, a position comparable to a modern Secretary of the Treasury. On December 31, 1781, Congress enacted Morris’s plan to establish the Bank of North America. Hanson and other delegates later praised the Bank’s successful launch:
"Our national Bank opened Monday last and many notes have been issued… The Merchants here are throwing their money into the Bank, and taking out notes, which they find equally answers their purposes. These notes too will be received in the Continental Treasury in discharge of taxes… When those notes get circulated through the Continent, it will be a difficult matter… to endanger its credit"【37】.
The USCA also reduced the president’s administrative workload by transferring the bulk of correspondence duties to the Secretary of the United States, Charles Thomson. On January 28, 1782, the USCA passed a resolution specifying these changes:
"In order that the President may be relieved from that load of the business with which he is unnecessarily incumbered… Resolved, That it shall be the business of the Secretary—…
- To transmit to the Superintendent of finance, all papers referred to him by Congress; as well as an authenticated copy of every act, ordinance and resolution of Congress touching the finances of the United States…
- To return such answers as Congress shall direct to be given to memorials, petitions and communications…
- To attend Congress during their sessions… and to keep a register of all treaties, conventions and ordinances:
- To superintend the printing of the journals and publications ordered by Congress:
- To keep the public seal…"【39】【40】
These changes not only streamlined administrative operations but significantly curtailed the president’s influence, positioning the USCA president more as a ceremonial figurehead than an active executive.
On the same day, the USCA elected “Mr. Ebenezer Hazard [41]” as the new postmaster general: “the ballots being taken, Mr. Ebenezer Hazard was elected.”【42】 Shortly thereafter, on February 18, the USCA granted George Washington expanded authority to negotiate directly with Great Britain regarding the terms surrounding Cornwallis and his army, thus transferring another duty from John Hanson’s office to the commander-in-chief【43】.
The following day, February 21, the USCA approved another resolution proposed by Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris, authorizing the establishment of a United States Mint:
“That Congress approve of the establishment of a mint; and, that the Superintendent of Finance be, and hereby is directed to prepare and report to Congress a plan for establishing and conducting the same.”【44】
Although this resolution marked the conceptual start of a mint, it was never realized under the Confederation government. The U.S. Mint would only come into existence a decade later, re-established by the 1787 Constitutional Congress as the Coinage Act of 1792, with David Rittenhouse as its first director.
On February 19, Congress and Hanson completed the reorganization of the complex Department of Foreign Affairs【45】. Neither Hanson nor his colleagues anticipated that by 1787, this department would evolve into one of the most prestigious and influential offices under the new federal government.
In late February, Hanson was also tasked with alerting Massachusetts officials to the suspicious arrival of John Temple, who had recently returned from London via Amsterdam. Although Temple brought letters from John Adams, then in Amsterdam, Congress harbored doubts about his intentions. Hanson wrote to Massachusetts Governor John Hancock:
“…although Mr. Temple was the Bearer of some letters from the honorable John Adams, at Amsterdam, yet the subject of the letters with which he was intrusted and of those which Mr. Adams chose to send at the same time by another conveyance, sufficiently evince that he had not the full confidence of that Minister… Therefore… it is the wish of Congress that your Excellency and the Council would enquire strictly into the conduct, views and designs of Mr. Temple… if you are not fully convinced of the uprightness of his intentions… that you take such measures respecting him, as may put it out of his power to injure the cause of these United States.”【46】
Around the same time, Hanson corresponded with Philip Thomas regarding various business affairs, including the sale of some of his slaves:
“I have not the least inclination to purchase Mr. Bowles's Hand. Sally I am persuaded will be very easy without him-if she wants to be Sold I have no objection to let Mr. Bowles have her, at £100 (not less)… I observe Mr. Lee, Mr. Addison, and J Hanson, have advertised their Negroes for Sale. I was Surprised at it…”【47】
On financial matters, Hanson received a letter from Maryland Governor Thomas Sim Lee notifying him that the delegates were to be compensated in “red money.” These red bills, redeemable in bullion coins after December 25, 1784, were already depreciating in Philadelphia, prompting Hanson to reply:
“If it is meant, that the Delegates in Congress are to receive the 35/ allowance in red money, it will be prudent in us to decamp in time, for that money will be of no more use to us here than so much waste paper. I thank your Excellency for your kind offer in procuring my balance in red money.”【49】
The depreciation issue prompted Hanson to send an urgent request to Thomas a few days later: “…little time [I will] be in a great want of money-if you Can get me £100, it will make me easy. I should be under no difficulties if the state would remit but half of what is due me.”【50】
On March 19, 1782, the USCA issued a proclamation thanking a “Supreme Being” and calling for a national Day of Fasting. Hanson forwarded the resolution to General Nathanael Greene, writing:
“Your two favours of the 24th January and 10th of February have been received and laid before Congress. I have now the honor to enclose a Proclamation of Congress… assigning the last Thursday in April for fasting, humiliation and prayer… The reduction of the Islands of St. Christopher and Nevis, in the West Indies, will, no doubt, be known before this can reach you.”【52】
By early April, Hanson had fallen ill. His condition worsened by April 15, leading the USCA to debate the potential establishment of a Vice President’s office to act in the president’s absence. Samuel Livermore’s motion proposed:
“That a Vice-president be chosen by ballot, to exercise the office of Vice-president of Congress in the absence or inability of the President… until the first day of November next…”【53】
This proposal was rejected, and a second motion was introduced:
“That whenever the President for the time being, shall be prevented, by sickness or otherwise, from attending the house, one of the members present be chosen by ballot to act as chairman… but that all official papers shall nevertheless be signed and authenticated by the President as heretofore.”【54】
The USCA elected Daniel Carroll as “chairman,” granting him temporary oversight during Hanson’s illness【55】.
By late April, Hanson wrote to Thomas with hopeful news of recovery:
“I have lately had a most severe fit of Sickness but thank God am so far recovered as to be able to ride out-Little Caty has had several fits of the Ague & fever but as every fit is more moderate am in hopes she will soon get rid of it…”【56】 Two days later, Hanson added, “I Am not yet perfectly recovered, am Generally feverish-began this morning to take the Bark…”【57】
During Hanson’s recovery, John Adams secured Dutch recognition of U.S. independence. On April 19, Adams sent the news along with resolutions to U.S. Foreign Secretary Robert R. Livingston.
To: Robert R. Livingston,
Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
John Adams.
"Compared with the aforesaid book to my knowledge,
A. J. V. Sminia."
Derk Dumbar."
"Compared with the aforesaid register.
H. Fagel."
"Compared with the aforesaid register.
H. Fagel."
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE UNITED NETHERLANDS GOLD MEDAL - LIBERA SOROR. (Free sister.) The sun shedding its rays on two maidens, one of whom, with breast-plate and helmet, and personifying the States-General of the Netherlands, holds with her left hand a staff surmounted by a cap of Liberty over the head of her companion. The latter, an Indian queen (America), holds in her left hand a lance, a shield with thirteen stars (the thirteen original United States), and the end of a chain which binds a leopard (Great Britain), on whose head she rests her left foot. Their right hands, clasped, are extended over a fire burning on an antique altar ornamented with a caduceus and a cornucopia, the attributes of Mercury, god of commerce. Exergue: SOLEMNI DECR. AGN. 19 APR. MDCCLXXXII (Solemni decreto agnita, 19 Aprilis, 1782: Acknowledged by a solemn decree, April 19, 1782). TYRANNIS VIRTUTE REPULSA. (Tyranny repulsed by virtue.) A unicorn (Great Britain), royally gorged, lies extended at the foot of a precipice, against which it has broken its horn; in the background a vast country (America), diversified by plains, rivers and mountains. Exergue: SUB GALLIÆ AUSPICIIS (Under the auspices of France). On the platform: I. G. HOLTZHEY Fecit. Obverse |
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John George Holtzhey was born in Amsterdam, in 1729. He was the eldest son of Martin Holtzhey, a celebrated engraver, who died in Middleburg, November I, 1767. John George Holtzhey was the pupil of his father, and engraved, in collaboration with him, the plates in a work entitled: "Catalogus der (73 stuks) Medailles en gedenkpenningen betrekking hebbende op de voornamste historien der Vereenigde Nederlanden (Amsterdam, 1755)." Among his works are two medals relating to the United States of America, "Libera Soror," and "Faustissimo Fœdere Junctæ." He was one of the most eminent engravers of his day. He died in Amsterdam, February 15, 1808. |
President John Hanson resumed his duties in the USCA on Wednesday, May 8th, after his illness, allowing Daniel Carroll to pass the gavel back as the first USCA Chairman. In subsequent years, other patriots, including Thomas Jefferson in Annapolis, would hold this title as well. That evening, Hanson wrote home, urging his family to sell their farm’s hemp to raise funds for their needs in Philadelphia:
“Your mother request you to tell Toney to raise her all the money he can from his & Molls Chickens &c. You will be pleased to sell the Hemp if the price is not lowered. Chloe too is to Sell all She can out of the Garden.”【58】
On May 31, 1782, the USCA issued instructions to the Peace Commissioners in Paris, making it clear that France was to be included in any negotiations with Britain:
“Resolved, That the Secretary for foreign affairs acquaint the minister plenipotentiary of France, that the signal proofs of inviolable constancy to his engagements, given by his Most Christian Majesty… has been received by Congress with the sentiments with which it ought naturally to inspire faithful and affectionate allies… Congress embrace with particular satisfaction this occasion of renewing to his Most Christian Majesty the assurances… of a reciprocal and equal resolution to adhere, in every event, to the principles of the alliance, and to hearken to no propositions for peace which are not perfectly conformable thereto…”【59】
However, by the time these directives reached the Peace Commissioners, John Jay had already taken a firmer stance in the negotiations. Jay insisted on British recognition of the United States as an independent nation before any further discussions and, contrary to USCA orders, persuaded fellow Commissioners John Adams and Benjamin Franklin to exclude France from the treaty process. In 1782, Jay and the other Commissioners required the British Ministry to issue a new commission authorizing Richard Oswald to negotiate with the United States alone, without France or Spain. This arrangement greatly relieved Britain, as it removed French and Spanish territorial claims in North America from the negotiations. On September 21, 1782, Parliament passed an act empowering Oswald to engage directly with the United States:
“An act to enable his Majesty to conclude a peace or truce with certain colonies in North America therein mentioned… And it is our royal will and pleasure, and we do hereby authorize, empower and require you, the said Richard Oswald, to treat, consult of, and conclude with any commissioners or persons vested with equal powers, by, and on the part of the Thirteen United States of America… a peace or a truce with the said Thirteen United States, any law, act or acts of parliament, matter or thing, to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.”【59】
Throughout the negotiations, Hanson and the USCA were largely kept in the dark about these developments. In late October, Hanson wrote to Maryland’s Governor, indicating the limited information available to him:
“No letters from our foreign Ministers since my last and therefore can give you no account of the progress of the negotiation for peace. I fear it is going on very slowly. The Evacuation of New York this fall remains a doubt. What little intelligence we have from thence is rather favorable to that event. They are not laying in wood or forage in any great quantities, and numbers of the refugees are embarking for Nova Scotia.”【60】
In June, Hanson temporarily set aside his legislative and presidential duties to act as a judge, presiding over a border dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania in Congress for three days. Shortly afterward, he addressed a surge in mail robberies by pushing for new federal legislation to offer rewards for the apprehension and conviction of mail robbers.
June also saw the adoption of a national seal for the United States. This seal, drawn by Secretary Charles Thomson, represented an amalgamation of three separate committee designs for what would become the Great Seal of the United States in Congress Assembled.
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| First Die of the Great Seal of the United States, 1782 |
On July 23, 1782, Congress reviewed and revised the regulations of the hospital department to ensure that medical care for the Continental Army remained effective and adequately supported. Then, on July 31, the USCA passed a significant resolution: all western lands ceded by Great Britain would be used as collateral to restore the public credit of the United States. August saw further restructuring, with a reorganization of the adjutant general's department and adjustments to John Jay's diplomatic instructions regarding his mission in Spain. Importantly, on August 9, the USCA received confirmation that peace negotiations had begun in Paris, including the United States in preliminary discussions:
“We are acquainted Sir, by authority, that negotiations for a general Peace, have already commenced at Paris, & that Mr. Grenville is invested with full Powers, to treat with all Parties at war, & is now at Paris in the execution of his Commission… his Majesty… has commanded his Ministers to direct Mr. Grenville that the independency of the 13 Provinces should be proposed by him, in the first instance… not without the highest confidence, that the Loyalists shall be restored to their possessions, or a full compensation made them for whatever Confiscations may have taken place. dated Augt. 2d. 1782.”【62】
In September, the USCA addressed a unique and culturally significant matter: a proposal for “…a neat edition of the Holy Scriptures for the use of Schools.” This sparked considerable debate among the delegates, as it reflected the federal government’s early role in supporting Christian education. On September 12, 1782, the Journals of the USCA recorded their resolution:
"Whereupon, Resolved, That the United States in Congress assembled, highly approve the pious and laudable undertaking of Mr. Aitken, as subservient to the interest of religion as well as an instance of the progress of arts in this country, and being satisfied from the above report, of his care and accuracy in the execution of the work, they recommend this edition of the Bible to the inhabitants of the United States, and hereby authorize him to publish this recommendation in the manner he shall think proper."【63】
Robert Aitken’s Bible, which became known as The Bible of the Revolution, was printed at his Philadelphia print shop on an early American movable-type press. Because cotton paper was prohibitively expensive, Aitken used a thick wood-pulp paper for the Bible, making it accessible to more people. For two centuries, this edition stood as a symbol of faith in the early republic, reflecting the Bible’s importance not only in religious life but also in American cultural and educational institutions. The federal endorsement underscored the role of Scripture in American life, encouraging religious literacy at a time when many schools included Bible reading as part of daily education【64】.
On September 16, 1782, Congress issued a commission granting George Washington the authority to negotiate a comprehensive agreement, or "cartel," for the humane treatment, subsistence, and exchange of prisoners of war between the United States and Great Britain. Recognizing the importance of justice and humanity in warfare, Congress empowered Washington with full discretion to establish the terms of this arrangement.
The commission entrusted Washington not only to negotiate directly but also to appoint commissioners as needed to handle discussions with British representatives. Washington’s decisions and agreements on these matters were to be final and binding on the United States.
This commission was issued under the authority of Congress, witnessed by President John Hanson and Secretary Charles Thomson, marking a significant step toward regulating wartime conduct in alignment with international standards of the era. The Commission reads in full:
To all People who shall see these presents send Greeting
Witness His Excellency John Hanson, president of the United States in Congress Assembled, the sixteenth day of September and in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty two, and of our Sovereignty & Independence the seventh.
John Hanson
Charles Thomson Secy
On September 28, 1782, the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) approved a preliminary treaty draft for Benjamin Franklin, the Peace Commissioner, to propose to the King of Sweden. Though Franklin was actively engaged in the Treaty of Paris negotiations with Great Britain and could not travel to Sweden, the King of Sweden sent an emissary to France. Through Franklin’s diplomatic efforts, the United States and Sweden signed the treaty on April 3, 1783.
This treaty marked the United States' first official agreement with a nation not directly involved in the Revolutionary War, establishing Sweden as the first neutral country to formally recognize the United States as an independent republic. The USCA, led by President John Hanson, is often credited with this treaty because on September 28 they granted Franklin extensive authority to finalize the agreement, enclosing the draft treaty along with these detailed instructions.
During John Hanson’s presidency, the United States achieved a significant diplomatic milestone with the Netherlands. On October 8, 1782, in Amsterdam, Minister John Adams successfully negotiated and signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and the States-General of the United Netherlands. Ratified on January 22, 1783, this treaty represented one of the earliest formal recognitions of the United States as a sovereign nation by a European power, building on the Netherlands’ earlier support for American independence.
The treaty outlined mutual commercial benefits, ensuring equal treatment for the merchants and ships of both nations in each other’s ports. It established a framework for fair duties and tariffs, granted freedom for citizens of both nations to practice their religion openly, and provided protections for each nation’s ships and cargo in the event of war. Crucially, the treaty emphasized neutrality and the free flow of goods, reserving special treatment typically afforded to “most favored nations.”
Additionally, a Convention on recaptured vessels was signed alongside the treaty. This convention established that ships of either nation recaptured from the enemy within 24 hours would be returned to their original owners for a small fee, whereas ships held longer would become the property of the recapturing party. This provision offered mutual protection for maritime commerce at a time when naval engagements posed substantial risks.
With this treaty, the Netherlands became the first foreign power, after France, to recognize the United States in a comprehensive diplomatic and commercial capacity. It set a precedent for other European nations and was an essential step in solidifying the United States’ place in the international arena.
To commemorate the October 8th, 1782 US Dutch Treaty of Amity and Commerce Congress issued the following gold medal: |
TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED NETHERLANDS GOLD MEDAL, FAVSTISSIMO FOEDERE JVNCTÆ. DIE VII OCTOB. (Octobris) MDCCLXXXII. (United by a most auspicious alliance, October 7, 1782.) Fame seated on the clouds is blowing a trumpet, held in her left hand; in her right she holds two shields: one bearing the arms of the United Netherlands, the other studded with thirteen stars (the thirteen original United States); above the two shields is a wreath, and beneath them are the lion's skin and the club of Hercules - Obverse |
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TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED NETHERLANDS GOLD MEDAL, Reverse, JUSTITIAM ET NON TEMNERE DIVOS. (Learn justice, and not to despise the gods.) On the face of a pyramid, the base of which is adorned with flowers, is placed the crowned shield of Amsterdam, resting on fasces; beneath, on a scroll, the inscription: PRODROMUS (a forerunner). A flying Mercury places a wreath on the shield; below on the right, an anchor, a basket of flowers, and a cock crowing (France); in the background, the sea covered with ships. Exergue: S. P. Q. AMST. SACRVM. (Senatui populoque Amstelodamensi sacrum: Dedicated to the Senate and people of Amsterdam). On the platform, I. G. Holtzhey fecit. |
Image Courtesy of the Library of Congress
As John Hanson’s term as President of the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) drew to a close in Philadelphia, the USCA successfully completed several key initiatives. These included a reorganization of the quartermaster’s department, new regulations for the post office, and, notably, the acceptance on October 29, 1782, of New York’s cession of its Northwest Territory lands, a significant step in national expansion.
On the same day, Hanson penned his final letter as President to Estévan Mirù, the acting commandant of New Orleans. Mirù had previously written to Hanson’s predecessor, Thomas McKean, on May 4, 1782, regarding the longstanding claims of Oliver Pollock, a former U.S. commercial agent in New Orleans who had financially supported the American cause. Pollock’s claims had been brought back before Congress in September.
Hanson’s response conveyed Congress’s commitment to resolving Pollock’s claims and included an enclosed resolution reflecting the USCA’s determination to “do Justice to Mr. Pollock.” Hanson expressed appreciation for the assistance of Spanish subjects in aiding Pollock’s work for the United States and closed his letter with a respectful blessing, wishing Mirù success and divine favor in his governance:
“I had the honor to receive the two letters which your Excellency was pleased to write on the 4th of May and address to Mr. McKean, my Predecessor, respecting Mr. Oliver Pollock. I immediately communicated them to the United States in Congress Assembled. The inclosed Resolution will satisfy your Excellency of the good disposition of Congress and of their firm determination to do Justice to Mr. Pollock, and as soon as possible enable him to satisfy the demands of those subjects of His Catholic Majesty who have so generously aided him in his services for the United States. I pray God to have you in his Holy Keeping, and grant you happiness & success in the administration of your Government." [67]
Hanson ended his presidency listening to committee report on Native American affairs. The USCA chronology with John Hanson as its President is as follows:
November 5, 1781 (Monday):
- New Congress Convenes: The newly formed United States in Congress Assembled convenes for the first time under the Articles of Confederation. This marks a transition to a formal confederation government, as the Articles had only been ratified in March.
- Election of John Hanson as President: Congress elects John Hanson of Maryland as the new president of Congress. Though often considered a ceremonial role, the position of president was important for overseeing congressional proceedings and managing correspondence.
November 8, 1781 (Thursday):
- Prosecution of Spies: Congress authorizes the Board of War to prosecute spies under the Articles of War. This action reflects the importance of safeguarding military secrets and protecting the Continental Army from espionage, particularly in light of the ongoing conflict with Britain.
November 9, 1781 (Friday):
- Restriction on Yorktown Prisoners: Congress restricts the travel of British prisoners from the Battle of Yorktown who were out on parole. These parolees, including high-ranking officers, were typically granted limited freedom in exchange for promises not to rejoin the war, but Congress took precautions to prevent abuses of this privilege.
November 12, 1781 (Monday):
- Repeal of Quartermaster Certificates as Payment: Congress repeals the previous resolve allowing quartermaster certificates to be used as payment for state quotas. The reversal suggests concerns about the practicality or misuse of this system in meeting fiscal responsibilities.
November 14, 1781 (Wednesday):
- Call for States to Maintain Representation: Congress urges the states to maintain consistent representation in Congress, which had been a recurring issue throughout the war. Full representation was essential for making decisions, achieving quorums, and managing the war effort effectively.
- Date Set for Connecticut-Pennsylvania Boundary Dispute: Congress schedules a date to hear the long-standing boundary dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania over claims to lands in the Wyoming Valley. Such territorial disputes were common in the newly independent states.
November 20, 1781 (Tuesday):
- Augmentation of Secretary of Marine's Authority: Congress increases the authority of the Secretary of Marine, tasked with overseeing naval operations. This action reflects the growing importance of naval affairs and maritime strategy in the war, especially in light of the French alliance.
November 23, 1781 (Friday):
- Recommendation for States to Punish Violations of International Law: Congress recommends that the states pass legislation to punish violations of international law, particularly concerning privateers and the treatment of foreign nationals. This move was likely part of Congress’s effort to maintain good relations with European allies and avoid conflicts stemming from unlawful behavior by American citizens or privateers.
November 28, 1781 (Wednesday):
- Audience with General Washington: Congress holds an audience with General George Washington, who had recently led the American and French forces to victory at Yorktown. Washington’s presence signified his continued leadership and the critical role of the Continental Army as peace negotiations were beginning to take shape.
December 1781
December 4, 1781 (Tuesday):
- Ordinance on "Captures on Water": Congress adopts an ordinance concerning the capture of enemy vessels at sea. This ordinance outlined rules and procedures for handling naval captures, including the distribution of prizes, which was important for regulating privateering and maintaining order in naval operations.
December 5, 1781 (Wednesday):
- New York Protest Against Vermont Resolves: Congress receives a formal protest from New York against its earlier resolves concerning Vermont’s status. Vermont had declared independence from New York, but Congress’s handling of the situation was controversial, and New York’s opposition reflected ongoing tensions over Vermont’s legitimacy as a separate entity.
December 10, 1781 (Monday):
- Call for States to Complete Troop Quotas: Congress exhorts the states to complete their troop quotas for the Continental Army. Even though major victories like Yorktown had been achieved, Congress still needed sufficient manpower to maintain military readiness and pressure on British forces.
December 11, 1781 (Tuesday):
- Call for Census of White Inhabitants: Congress calls on the states to conduct a census of "the white inhabitants thereof." This census would provide vital information for apportioning taxes and representation, as well as assessing the population size and distribution across the newly formed nation.
December 13, 1781 (Thursday):
- Day of Thanksgiving Observed: Congress observes a national day of thanksgiving, celebrating the victory at Yorktown and the ongoing alliance with France. Such proclamations were intended to unify the nation and acknowledge divine support for the American cause.
December 17, 1781 (Monday):
- Appeal to States for Men and Money: Congress issues an appeal to the states for both manpower and financial contributions, underlining the continued need for resources to sustain the war effort and secure the gains made through recent military victories.
December 19, 1781 (Wednesday):
- Supernumerary Generals on Half Pay: Congress orders that supernumerary (extra) generals be placed on half pay, reflecting an effort to reduce military expenses as the war wound down. This move was part of a broader attempt to rationalize the structure and costs of the Continental Army.
December 20, 1781 (Thursday):
- Exchange of Governor Thomas Burke Authorized: Congress authorizes the exchange of Governor Thomas Burke of North Carolina, who had been captured by the British. The exchange of high-ranking prisoners was a common practice, and Burke’s release was important for his state.
December 31, 1781 (Monday):
- Incorporation of the Bank of North America: Congress adopts an ordinance formally incorporating the Bank of North America. Established by Robert Morris, the Superintendent of Finance, this institution was the first national bank of the United States, designed to stabilize the nation's finances, facilitate loans, and manage public credit.
USCA Journals – United States of America - 1782
January 1782
January 2, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Exhorts States to Suppress Trade with the Enemy: Congress urges the states to crack down on illicit trade with British forces and loyalists, which was a significant issue as certain regions engaged in commerce with the enemy despite the ongoing war. This measure sought to enforce unity and prevent any undermining of the Continental cause.
January 3, 1782 (Thursday):
- Reforms Medical Department: Congress enacts reforms to improve the management and efficiency of the Continental Army's medical department, including the system for treating the wounded and preventing disease among the troops. This action was in response to longstanding challenges in providing adequate medical care during the war.
January 8, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Amends Ordinance on Captures on Water: Congress revises regulations governing the capture of enemy vessels at sea, refining procedures related to naval operations and the division of prizes taken from British ships.
- Rejects Motion to Enlarge Peace Ultimata: A motion to expand the terms Congress was willing to accept in peace negotiations was rejected, signaling that Congress remained focused on key issues like independence and territorial boundaries without broadening the scope of demands.
January 9, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Authorizes Negotiation of Consular Convention with France: Congress approves the negotiation of a consular convention with France, aiming to formalize diplomatic relations and regulate trade and legal matters between the two nations.
January 10, 1782 (Thursday):
- Reforms Inspector General's Department: Congress introduces reforms to the Inspector General's Department, which was responsible for maintaining discipline and enforcing regulations within the Continental Army. These reforms likely aimed to streamline operations and enhance military efficiency.
January 17, 1782 (Thursday):
- Investigates Silas Deane's Letters: Congress launches an investigation into letters written by Silas Deane, a former American diplomat, which appeared to advocate conciliation with Britain. Deane’s correspondence had caused controversy, as some viewed it as sympathetic to British interests.
January 22, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Instructs Peace Commissioners on Fisheries and Boundaries: Congress instructs American peace commissioners, including John Jay and Benjamin Franklin, to communicate informal demands on fisheries and boundaries during negotiations with Britain. These issues were critical in defining U.S. territorial and economic rights after the war.
January 25, 1782 (Friday):
- Amends Consular Convention: Congress revises the terms of the consular convention under negotiation with France, refining the diplomatic agreement intended to manage commercial and legal affairs between the two nations.
January 28, 1782 (Monday):
- Enlarges Duties of Secretary Charles Thomson: To relieve the president of Congress from an overwhelming workload, Congress expands the responsibilities of Charles Thomson, the long-serving secretary, enabling him to handle more administrative tasks.
January 29, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Advised of Diminution of French Aid: Congress receives notice that French financial aid would be reduced. This development added to the ongoing financial strain on the United States, which was heavily reliant on French support to continue the war effort.
February 1782
February 1, 1782 (Friday):
- Instructs Benjamin Franklin on Repayment of Dutch Loan: Congress instructs Benjamin Franklin, serving as a diplomat in France, on the repayment of a loan the United States had obtained from the Dutch through French intermediaries.
February 8, 1782 (Friday):
- Authorizes Franklin to Borrow Additional 12 Million Livres from France: Congress authorizes Franklin to negotiate an additional loan of 12 million livres from France to help finance the war and address the fiscal shortfall caused by the reduction in direct aid.
February 11, 1782 (Monday):
- Authorizes Export of Tobacco by Yorktown "Capitulants": Congress allows tobacco exports from Yorktown prisoners of war ("capitulants") under controlled conditions. This decision addressed economic issues related to the southern colonies and the post-surrender handling of British prisoners.
- Rejects Appeal to Allow States to Clothe Their Own Continental Troops: A proposal to allow individual states to provide clothing for their troops instead of relying on centralized provisioning was rejected, maintaining uniformity in supply operations.
February 18, 1782 (Monday):
- Authorizes Washington to Negotiate General Prisoner Exchange: Congress empowers General Washington to negotiate a general exchange of prisoners with the British. The fair treatment and return of prisoners had become a significant issue during the war, as both sides had suffered from delays in exchanges.
February 20, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Seeks Authorization to Apportion War Expenses Outside Articles of Confederation Quota Formula: Congress seeks authority to apportion war expenses in a manner that deviates from the rigid formula established by the Articles of Confederation, likely to address disparities in states' ability to contribute financially.
February 21, 1782 (Thursday):
- Authorizes Establishment of a Mint: Congress authorizes the creation of a national mint to produce a stable currency for the United States. This was an important step toward financial independence and stability.
February 22, 1782 (Friday):
- Reorganizes Department of Foreign Affairs: Congress reorganizes the Department of Foreign Affairs to improve the management of U.S. diplomacy and international relations, a sign of the increasing complexity of America's role on the global stage.
February 23, 1782 (Saturday):
- Authorizes Exchange of Cornwallis for Henry Laurens: Congress authorizes the exchange of British General Lord Cornwallis for Henry Laurens, the former American president of Congress who had been captured and held by the British. This was a significant development in prisoner exchanges following Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown.
February 26, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Amends Ordinance on Captures on Water: Congress once again refines regulations regarding naval captures, reflecting ongoing adjustments to how privateers and naval forces were authorized to seize enemy vessels.
February 27, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Adopts Plan for Settlement of State Accounts: Congress adopts a plan to settle financial accounts with the states, addressing issues related to war expenses, contributions, and reimbursements. This was part of a broader effort to bring financial order to the war effort.
March 1782
March 1, 1782 (Friday):
- Sets Conditions for Recognizing Vermont Independence: Congress outlines specific conditions under which Vermont could be recognized as an independent state, reflecting ongoing tensions over Vermont's break from New York and other territorial disputes.
March 7, 1782 (Thursday):
- Revises Rules of Court of Appeals: Congress revises the rules governing the Court of Appeals in cases of admiralty and prize claims, ensuring a fair and consistent legal framework for dealing with captured vessels and goods.
March 11, 1782 (Monday):
- Orders Settlement of Bonhomme Richard Prize Claims: Congress orders the settlement of claims related to the Bonhomme Richard, the famous ship commanded by John Paul Jones. This was an important step in resolving financial matters related to naval victories.
- Refers Indian Petition to New York: Congress refers a petition from Native American tribes regarding territorial disputes to New York, reflecting the complexity of land issues involving Native populations.
March 15, 1782 (Friday):
- Drafts Fiscal Appeal to the States: Congress drafts a new appeal to the states for financial contributions, addressing the persistent issue of underfunding and the need to meet military and other national expenses.
March 19, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Adopts Fast Day Proclamation: Congress adopts a proclamation for a day of fasting, prayer, and reflection, a common practice during the war to unite the nation in solemn observance and to seek divine favor.
March 21, 1782 (Thursday):
- Holds Audience with General Washington: Congress meets with General George Washington to discuss the state of the war and military strategy, reaffirming Washington's leadership as the war approached its final stages.
March 27, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Orders Study of Continental Army Staffing Needs: Congress orders a study to assess the staffing needs of the Continental Army, a reflection of the desire to streamline the military and reduce unnecessary expenditures as the war drew closer to its end.
March 30, 1782 (Saturday):
- Adopts Measures to Curtail Prisoner-of-War Escapes: Congress adopts measures aimed at preventing the escape of prisoners of war, likely in response to security concerns related to British POWs held by American forces.
April 1782
April 1, 1782 (Monday):
- Rejects Fiscal Quota Reduction Appeal: Congress rejects an appeal from states seeking to reduce their fiscal quotas, reinforcing the need for all states to meet their financial obligations to fund the war effort.
April 3-4, 1782:
- Debates Vermont's Compliance with Independent Statehood Conditions: Congress engages in a debate over whether Vermont had met the conditions set for its recognition as an independent state, continuing the complicated discussions over Vermont’s political status.
April 8, 1782 (Monday):
- Revises Paymaster Regulations: Congress revises the regulations governing the paymaster's office to improve the management of troop payments, an essential issue for maintaining morale in the Continental Army.
April 9, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Orders Submission of Comprehensive Army Returns: Congress orders the submission of comprehensive reports on troop numbers, equipment, and readiness from all Continental Army units, ensuring accurate records for military planning.
April 15, 1782 (Monday):
- Elects Daniel Carroll as Chairman: Due to the illness of President John Hanson, Congress elects Daniel Carroll to serve as "chairman" of congressional proceedings, effectively acting in Hanson's place until his recovery.
- Rejects Motion to Elect Vice-President: Congress rejects a motion to create a new position of vice-president to assume the duties of the president during times of disability.
April 18, 1782 (Thursday):
- Rejects Motion to Disclose Conflicts of Interest on Land Claim Issues: Congress votes down a motion that would have required delegates to disclose conflicts of interest in matters involving land claims, reflecting the contentious and politically charged nature of territorial disputes.
April 20, 1782 (Saturday):
- Debates Vermont's Compliance with Independent Statehood Conditions: The debate over Vermont’s status continues, as Congress deliberates whether Vermont has fully met the requirements for recognition as a separate state.
April 23, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Recommends Pensions for Disabled Troops: Congress recommends that pensions be provided to soldiers who were disabled in the war, recognizing the sacrifices made by those who could no longer serve.
- Orders Reduction of Supernumerary Officers: Congress orders a reduction in the number of supernumerary officers (those in excess of need) in an effort to streamline the military and reduce costs.
April 29, 1782 (Monday):
- Endorses Washington's Proposals for Retaliation Against Death of Joshua Huddy: Congress approves General Washington's plan to retaliate against the British for the execution of Captain Joshua Huddy, a New Jersey militia officer hanged by British forces. This retaliation was intended as a deterrent against further British atrocities.
April 30, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Endorses John Jay's Conduct of Negotiations with Madrid: Congress expresses its approval of John Jay's handling of negotiations with the Spanish court in Madrid, particularly regarding territorial and diplomatic issues.
May 1782
May 1, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Warns States of British Attempts to Divide Allies with Separate Peace Proposals: Congress alerts the states to British attempts to divide the United States and its allies by offering separate peace agreements. This warning underscored the need for unity in the ongoing negotiations and the importance of the Franco-American alliance.
- Debates Western Land Cessions and Delegates' Conflicts of Interest: Congress continues to debate western land cessions, as well as whether delegates should be required to disclose potential conflicts of interest when discussing land claims.
May 4, 1782 (Saturday):
- Orders Measures for Protection of American Shipping: Congress implements measures to protect American shipping from British naval harassment, particularly through the use of privateers and the protection of trade routes.
May 8, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Opposes Sending William Carmichael to Portugal: Congress rejects the proposal to send William Carmichael, the U.S. diplomat in Spain, to the court of Portugal, likely due to concerns over diplomatic relations and Carmichael's effectiveness in Madrid.
May 13, 1782 (Monday):
- Audience with French Minister to Celebrate Birth of a Dauphin: Congress holds an audience with the French minister to celebrate the birth of a dauphin, the heir to the French throne. This occasion was symbolic of the continued strength of the Franco-American alliance.
May 14, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Denies Sir Guy Carleton's Emissary a Passport to Philadelphia: Congress denies a request from Sir Guy Carleton, the British commander in North America, for an emissary to travel to Philadelphia. This move reflects the tensions surrounding peace negotiations and concerns over British intentions.
May 21, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Authorizes States to Curb Trade with the Enemy: Congress authorizes state authorities to take action against trade with the British, reinforcing the earlier exhortation to suppress illegal trade that undermined the war effort.
May 22, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Sends Delegations to States to Solicit Compliance with Requisitions: Congress sends delegations to various states to press for compliance with requisitions, particularly concerning fiscal contributions and troop quotas. This action highlights the difficulties Congress faced in securing cooperation from the states.
May 24, 1782 (Friday):
- Reviews Report on U.S. Credit Abroad: Congress reviews a report from the superintendent of finance, Robert Morris, on the status of U.S. credit in Europe. Maintaining international credit was crucial for securing loans and supplies to continue the war.
May 27, 1782 (Monday):
- Exhorts States to Maintain Representation in Congress: Congress again urges the states to ensure consistent representation, as the lack of full participation by state delegates often hampered the decision-making process.
- Instructs Francis Dana to Delay Presenting Credentials to Russia: Congress instructs Francis Dana, the U.S. minister to Russia, to delay presenting his diplomatic credentials, likely reflecting uncertainty over Russia’s role in the ongoing peace negotiations.
May 28, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Receives French Report on Peace Overtures: Congress receives a report from its French allies regarding ongoing peace overtures from Britain. The French were heavily involved in shaping the terms of any potential peace agreement.
May 31, 1782 (Friday):
- Reaffirms Opposition to Separate Peace Negotiations: Congress reiterates its opposition to any separate peace negotiations with Britain that would exclude its European allies, particularly France. This stance reinforced the need for unity among the allied powers in order to secure favorable terms in the peace process.
June 1782
June 5, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Orders Study of Proposal to Enlist German Prisoners of War: Congress directs a study to explore the possibility of enlisting German prisoners of war into the Continental Army. This move likely sought to address manpower shortages by utilizing prisoners who might be persuaded to switch sides and fight for the American cause.
June 7, 1782 (Friday):
- Rescinds Work-Release Program for British Prisoners of War: Congress reverses an earlier decision that allowed British prisoners of war to work while in captivity, signaling a shift in the treatment of prisoners as the war approached its conclusion.
June 12, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Revises Regulations for Naval Courts-Martial: Congress adopts revisions to the procedures governing naval courts-martial, ensuring greater clarity and consistency in handling military justice for Continental Navy personnel.
June 14, 1782 (Friday):
- Endorses Proposals for the Return of South Carolina Exiles: Congress supports proposals that would allow exiled citizens of South Carolina, many of whom had fled due to British occupation, to return home. This endorsement was part of efforts to restore stability to the southern states as British forces retreated.
June 17, 1782 (Monday):
- Calls for Biannual Inspection of Executive Departments: To ensure accountability and efficiency, Congress orders biannual inspections of the operation of the executive departments, signaling a commitment to regular oversight of governmental functions.
June 20, 1782 (Thursday):
- Adopts Great Seal for the United States in Congress Assembled: Congress formally adopts the design for the Great Seal of the United States, an important symbol of the nation's sovereignty and authority.
June 21, 1782 (Friday):
- Exhorts States to Curb Trade with the Enemy: Continuing efforts to prevent illicit trade with British forces, Congress urges the states to strictly enforce restrictions on commerce with the enemy, which threatened the unity and strength of the war effort.
June 24-27, 1782:
- Debates Proposals for Resolving the Connecticut-Pennsylvania Boundary Dispute: Congress engages in extended discussions on how to settle the long-standing territorial dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania over land in the Wyoming Valley. The issue had sparked violent confrontations between settlers from both states.
June 27, 1782 (Thursday):
- Receives Report from Congressional Delegation to the Southern States: Congress receives a report from its delegation that had visited the southern states to assess the situation there, particularly the recovery efforts after the British withdrawal from the region.
June 28, 1782 (Friday):
- Endorses General Nathanael Greene’s Rejection of Truce Proposal in South Carolina: Congress supports General Greene's decision to reject a British truce proposal in South Carolina, reinforcing the Continental Army's commitment to pursuing military victory rather than accepting partial peace terms.
July 1782
July 2, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Endorses Superintendent of Finance's Recommendation Against Appointing Consuls in the West Indies: Congress agrees with Robert Morris, the superintendent of finance, that appointing consuls in the West Indies was unnecessary at this time. This decision likely reflected concerns about financial strain and the complexity of international trade relations during the war.
July 3, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Complains About Spanish Release of British Prisoners of War: Congress expresses dissatisfaction with Spain’s decision to release British prisoners of war, likely seeing this as an action that undermined the overall war effort against Britain.
July 10, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Adopts Ordinance Regulating Distribution of Prizes: Congress passes an ordinance that sets rules for distributing the spoils of captured enemy ships (prizes). This regulation provided a legal framework for how privateers and naval forces could share the profits of their captures.
July 11, 1782 (Thursday):
- Places Moratorium on Promotion or Appointment of Continental Officers: In an effort to manage military personnel more effectively and reduce expenses, Congress imposes a temporary halt on promoting or appointing new officers in the Continental Army.
July 17, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Adopts Ordinance to Prevent Illicit Trade with the Enemy: To further curb illegal trade with the British, Congress passes a new ordinance designed to crack down on such activities, signaling continued concern over the economic war being waged alongside military operations.
July 18, 1782 (Thursday):
- Receives Report from Congressional Delegation to the Northern States: Congress receives a report from its delegation that had traveled to the northern states to assess the political and military situation, as well as economic conditions in the region.
- Orders Measures to Stop Mail Robberies: Congress directs new measures to address the problem of mail robberies, which threatened the security of communication and supply lines between different parts of the country.
July 23, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Revises Hospital Department Regulations: Congress revises the regulations governing the hospital department, aiming to improve medical care and efficiency in the treatment of wounded and ill soldiers.
July 31, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Debates Recommendation for Acceptance of Western Land Cessions to Restore Public Credit: Congress discusses a recommendation to accept land cessions from states with western claims, such as Virginia, as a way to restore public credit and resolve disputes over territorial expansion. This was seen as a key step in stabilizing the nation’s finances and reducing inter-state tensions.
August 1782
August 1, 1782 (Thursday):
- Reorganizes Adjutant General's Department: Congress approves the reorganization of the Adjutant General's Department, likely to improve the efficiency of military administration and ensure better coordination within the Continental Army.
August 5, 1782 (Monday):
- Receives Robert Morris' Funding Plan: Congress receives a comprehensive funding plan from Robert Morris, the superintendent of finance. Morris’s plan was crucial for addressing the financial challenges facing the United States as it continued the war and prepared for post-war economic realities.
August 6, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Revises John Jay's Diplomatic Instructions: Congress makes revisions to the instructions given to John Jay, one of the peace commissioners, as he engaged in delicate negotiations with Spain and other European powers regarding post-war territorial and economic issues.
August 7, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Reorganizes Continental Army: Congress enacts a reorganization of the Continental Army, likely aimed at streamlining operations and preparing for potential peace, while also ensuring readiness in case the war continued.
August 9, 1782 (Friday):
- Receives British Commissioners' Announcement of Peace Negotiations in Paris: Congress is informed that formal peace negotiations between the British and American commissioners have begun in Paris. This was a major development signaling that the end of the war could be near.
August 12, 1782 (Monday):
- Authorizes Washington to Negotiate Prisoner Exchange: Congress empowers General George Washington to negotiate the exchange of prisoners with the British, continuing efforts to ensure the fair treatment and repatriation of soldiers held by both sides.
August 14, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Suspends Inquiry into General Gates' Conduct at Camden: Congress decides to halt the inquiry into General Horatio Gates' controversial conduct at the Battle of Camden, South Carolina, in 1780, which had been a significant defeat for the Continental forces.
August 15, 1782 (Thursday):
- Rejects Move to Repeal Peace Commissioners' Instructions to Be Guided by French Court: A motion to repeal the instructions directing American peace commissioners to be guided by the French court in negotiations with Britain is rejected, reaffirming the importance of the Franco-American alliance in securing favorable peace terms.
August 16-20, 1782:
- Debates Massachusetts' Petition to Include Fisheries Claim in Peace Ultimata: Congress debates Massachusetts' demand that American fishing rights in the North Atlantic be included as a key issue in the peace negotiations. Fisheries were critical to the economy of New England, and ensuring access to them was a major concern for the region’s representatives.
August 23, 1782 (Friday):
- Appoints Judges to Hear Connecticut-Pennsylvania Boundary Dispute: Congress appoints a panel of judges to adjudicate the long-running boundary dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, showing a commitment to resolving inter-state conflicts peacefully.
August 27, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Debates Kentucky Statehood Petition: Congress discusses a petition from settlers in the western part of Virginia (modern-day Kentucky) seeking statehood. The debate highlights the ongoing challenges of managing western expansion and the push for new states.
August 29, 1782 (Thursday):
- Orders Purchase of Ship for Packet Service to Europe: Congress authorizes the purchase of a ship to be used for transatlantic communications, ensuring faster and more reliable mail service between the United States and its diplomatic representatives in Europe.
September 1782
September 3, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Orders Resumption of Postal Service to the Carolinas and Georgia: Congress orders the resumption of postal services to the Carolinas and Georgia, restoring communication with these southern states that had been disrupted by British occupation and military actions.
- Presents Ship America to France: In a symbolic gesture of thanks and friendship, Congress presents the ship America to the French government, recognizing France’s critical support during the war.
September 4, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Sets Fiscal Quota for Immediate Payment of Public Debt Interest: Congress establishes a fiscal quota for the states, specifically to pay the interest on the national debt. This was part of ongoing efforts to stabilize the U.S. economy and honor financial commitments.
September 6, 1782 (Friday):
- Debates Proposal to Appeal to the States to Cede Western Lands: Congress debates a proposal calling on states with claims to western lands to cede those claims to the federal government, a crucial issue in managing national unity and public finance.
September 9, 1782 (Monday):
- Suspends Issuance of Bills of Exchange for Loan Office Certificate Interest: Congress suspends the issuance of bills of exchange to pay interest on loan office certificates, reflecting difficulties in managing the nation’s complex financial obligations.
- Instructs Washington on Prisoner Cartel: Congress provides General Washington with updated instructions regarding the ongoing exchange of prisoners with the British.
September 10, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Sets State Fiscal Quotas: Congress finalizes the fiscal quotas that each state must meet, continuing the delicate balancing act of managing state contributions to the national war effort.
September 12, 1782 (Thursday):
- Endorses Robert Aitken's Proposal to Print an American Edition of the Bible: Congress supports printer Robert Aitken’s proposal to produce the first American edition of the Bible. This move was significant both for religious freedom and for reducing dependence on British-printed Bibles.
September 14, 1782 (Saturday):
- Authorizes Solicitation of $4 Million in Foreign Loans: Congress authorizes efforts to secure an additional $4 million in loans from foreign allies to continue financing the war and stabilizing the economy.
September 16, 1782 (Monday):
- Commissions Washington to Negotiate Prisoner Exchange: Congress again commissions General Washington to lead negotiations on the exchange of prisoners of war, emphasizing the importance of humane treatment for captives on both sides.
September 17, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Refuses to Accept Henry Laurens' Resignation as Peace Commissioner: Congress rejects peace commissioner Henry Laurens’ offer to resign from his diplomatic post, reflecting their continued confidence in his abilities to negotiate favorable terms with Britain.
September 19-20, 1782:
- Debates Report That Henry Laurens Improperly Petitioned British Parliament While Imprisoned: Congress discusses a report alleging that Henry Laurens improperly petitioned the British Parliament during his imprisonment in London, raising concerns about his conduct while in captivity.
September 24, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Receives Information from Chevalier de La Luzerne on Peace Maneuvers in Europe: Congress receives an important update from French minister Chevalier de La Luzerne regarding the latest diplomatic developments and peace maneuvers in Europe, underscoring the close coordination between the U.S. and France.
September 28, 1782 (Saturday):
- Adopts Plan for Treaty of Amity and Commerce with Sweden: Congress approves a plan to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with Sweden, expanding the young nation’s diplomatic and economic relations with European powers.
October 1782
October 1, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Rejects New Jersey Plan to Retain Continental Revenues for Payment of State's Continental Troops: Congress dismisses New Jersey’s proposal to retain funds earmarked for Continental expenses, underscoring the federal government's need for central control over military financing to ensure uniform support across all the states.
October 3, 1782 (Thursday):
- Reassures France on U.S. Commitment to Military Preparedness and No Separate Peace Pledge: Congress reiterates its dedication to military readiness and reinforces its pledge not to seek a separate peace with Britain, reaffirming the strength of the Franco-American alliance during the ongoing peace negotiations.
October 10, 1782 (Thursday):
- Appeals to Rhode Island and Georgia to Adopt Impost Amendment: Congress makes a renewed effort to persuade Rhode Island and Georgia to adopt the proposed impost amendment, which would allow the federal government to collect customs duties to help pay off the national debt.
October 11, 1782 (Friday):
- Sets Day of Thanksgiving and Prayer: Congress designates a national day of thanksgiving and prayer, reflecting a tradition of offering gratitude for progress in the war and divine support during times of hardship.
October 14-15, 1782:
- Debates Promotion of General Officers: Congress discusses the issue of promoting general officers within the Continental Army, which was a sensitive matter as the army adjusted to changing conditions and prepared for peace.
October 16, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Sets Fiscal Quota for 1783; Instructs Washington on Prisoner Exchange Negotiations: Congress establishes the fiscal quotas that the states would need to meet for 1783. Additionally, Washington is instructed on how to proceed with ongoing prisoner exchange negotiations with the British, as humane treatment of prisoners remained a priority for the Continental Army.
October 18, 1782 (Friday):
- Requests Washington to Decide Fate of Wyoming Garrison; Sets State Fiscal Quotas; Adopts Post Office Ordinance: Congress asks General Washington to determine the future of the garrison at Wyoming (in present-day Pennsylvania), a strategic location. Additionally, new fiscal quotas for the states are set, and Congress passes an ordinance regulating the Post Office, further organizing the nation's communications system.
October 23, 1782 (Wednesday):
- Reorganizes Quartermaster Department: Congress undertakes a reorganization of the Quartermaster Department, a key logistical body responsible for supplying the Continental Army. This reorganization was essential for improving efficiency and cutting costs.
October 28, 1782 (Monday):
- Adopts Supplemental Post Office Ordinance; Recommends Suspension of Plans to Execute Charles Asgill: A supplemental ordinance is passed to further refine the Post Office regulations. Congress also advises suspending the execution of British officer Charles Asgill, who had been condemned in retaliation for the killing of Joshua Huddy, a controversial case that had international implications.
October 29, 1782 (Tuesday):
- Accepts New York's Western Land Cession: Congress formally accepts New York’s cession of its western land claims. This was an important development in resolving territorial disputes and moving towards the creation of new states from western lands.
November 1782
November 1, 1782 (Friday):
- Refers Investigation of Alexander Gillon to Superintendent of Finance: Congress refers the investigation of Alexander Gillon, a naval officer who had been accused of financial mismanagement, to Robert Morris, the superintendent of finance, highlighting the need for accountability in financial matters.
November 2, 1782 (Saturday):
- Committee on Indian Affairs Confers with Catawba Indian Delegation: Congress’s Committee on Indian Affairs holds discussions with a delegation from the Catawba Nation, reflecting ongoing efforts to manage relations with Native American tribes during and after the war.
- First USCA 1780-1781, convened March 2, 1781 - Samuel Huntington and Thomas McKean Presidents*
- Second USCA 1781-1782, convened November 5, 1781 - John Hanson President
- Third USCA 1782-1783, convened November 4, 1782 - Elias Boudinot President
- Fourth USCA 1783-1784, convened November 3, 1783 - Thomas Mifflin President
- Fifth USCA 1784-1785, convened November 29, 1784 - Richard Henry Lee President
- Sixth USCA 1785-1786, convened November 23, 1785 -John Hancock and Nathaniel Gorham Presidents
- Seventh USCA 1786-1787, convened February 2, 1787 - Arthur St. Clair President
- Eighth USCA 1787-1788, convened January 21, 1788 - Cyrus Griffin President
- Ninth USCA 1788-1789, failed to convene after several attempts
 |
| John Hanson's obituary: Maryland Gazette, Thursday, November 27, 1783. http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001283/html/m1283-0646.html |
Upon his return to Maryland, Hanson’s condition worsened. He passed away a year later, on November 15, 1783, at the age of 63, at the home of his nephew, Thomas Hanson, in Oxon Hill, Prince George’s County. His death was noted in the Maryland Gazette on November 27, 1783time of his passing, Hanson owned 11 slaves, 223 acres of farmland, and an additional 255 acres under lease in Frederick County. His holdings also included six lots in Frederick Town and a lot in Georgetown, Maryland. In his will, Hanson provided for his wife and his only surviving son, Alexander Contee Hanson, and made additional provisions for his grandchildren and Philip Thomas.
Hanson’s legacy as a steadfast leader during America’s formative years was cemented by his term in Congress, where he was remembered as one of the early presidents under the Articles of Confederation. His dedication to public service, even as his health declined, marked him as a respected and influential figure in the nation’s early history.
John Hanson's Last Will and Testament are published below along with its transcription:
In the name of God Amen. I, John Hanson of Frederick Town in Frederick County being in Good Health but considering the uncertainty of Human Life do make and ordain this my last will and Testiment as follows Vizt.
I give and Bequeath to my son Alexander Contee Hanson one Negro Woman Named Sal and her son Charles Roger and her Daughter Named Nan, one Negro man named John and one Negro man Commonly Called Ned Barnes two feather Beds Such as my Wife may Choose to Part with one Silver Pint Cup Six Silver Table Spoons Six Silver Tea Spoons and one pair of Silver Tea Tongs to him and his heirs forever.
The Lots or portions of Ground remaining unsold of the ground I purchased of Benjamin Delaney Esq. Adjoining to Frederick Town I desire may be sold by my Ex. Hereafter named and the Money Arising from Such Sale be paid one third thereof to Richard Potts one third to Doctor Philip Thomas and the remaining third may be Divided Between my wife and Son Alexander
I Give and bequeath to my Grand Daughter Catherine Thomas one Negro Boy (nan’s son) named Bill to her and her heirs forever.
I Give and Bequeath to my Grand Daughter Rebecca Thomas one Negro Girl Named Charity (Moll’s Child) to her and her heirs forever.
I give and Bequeath to my Grand Son John Hanson Thomas one Negro Boy named Bob and the Child my Negro Nan is now big with one feather Bed and Twenty Pounds in Current Money to him and his heirs forever.
I Give and Bequeath to my Beloved Wife Jane Hanson my Lots and Houses in Frederick Town and which I purchased of a certain Adam Koon for and during her Natural life and after her Decease I Give the said Lots and Houses to my son Alexander and his heirs forever the remaining part of my personal Estate not herein before Divided
I Also Give and Bequeath to my said Wife forever.
My will is that Debts which may be Justly due and owing from me at the time of my Death my be paid and satisfied out of the Debts that may be due and owing to me and if those Debts or what may be Collected be not Sufficient to discharge what I owe then my will is that the Deficiency be paid and Satisfied out of the Legacies given to my Son Alexander and out of the Residuary part of my Personal Estate to my Wife in due proportion according to the Value of the Personal estate hereby bequeathed to each of them.
I give and Bequeath to my much esteemed Son in Law Doct. Philip Thomas one Mourning Ring
Lastly I Constitute and Ordain my Wife Sole Executrix of this my last Will and Testament And I desire my Estate may not be Appraised or any Inventory thereof returned unless she shall Choose to Appraise and Inventory the same And I do hereby revoke all former Wills by me made and in Testimony Whereof I have in the presence of the Witnessed Subscribing Signed Published and Declared this to be my last will and affix my seal to the same this 20th day of September 1781
Signed Sealed Published and
John Hanson jr (seal)
Declared in the Presence of us (signature)John Nelson, Jeffery Magruder, Rich Butler
Frederick County April 13th 1784 Then came Jane Hanson and made Oath that the a foregoing Instrument of writing is the True and Whole Will and Testiment of John Hanson late of Frederick County Deceased that hath Come to her hands in Posession and that she Doth not know of any other - Geo. Murdock Regt.
Frederick County April 13th 1784 Then came Richard Butler one of the Subscribing Witnesses to the aforegoing Last Will and Testament of John Hanson late of Frederick County Deceased and made Oath the Holy evangelists
For students and teachers of U.S. history, this video features Stanley and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. Filmed in December 2015, this video is an informal recording by an audience member capturing a presentation attended by approximately 200 students, professors, and guests. To explore the full curriculum, [download it here].
September 5, 1774 | October 22, 1774 | |
October 22, 1774 | October 26, 1774 | |
May 20, 1775 | May 24, 1775 | |
May 25, 1775 | July 1, 1776 |
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
July 2, 1776 | October 29, 1777 | |
November 1, 1777 | December 9, 1778 | |
December 10, 1778 | September 28, 1779 | |
September 29, 1779 | February 28, 1781 |
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781 | July 6, 1781 | |
July 10, 1781 | Declined Office | |
July 10, 1781 | November 4, 1781 | |
November 5, 1781 | November 3, 1782 | |
November 4, 1782 | November 2, 1783 | |
November 3, 1783 | June 3, 1784 | |
November 30, 1784 | November 22, 1785 | |
November 23, 1785 | June 5, 1786 | |
June 6, 1786 | February 1, 1787 | |
February 2, 1787 | January 21, 1788 | |
January 22, 1788 | January 21, 1789 |
United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) Sessions
USCA | Session Dates | USCA Convene Date | President(s) |
First | 03-01-1781 to 11-04-1781* | 03-02-1781 | |
Second | 11-05-1781 to 11-03-1782 | 11-05-1781 | |
Third | 11-04-1782 to 11-02-1783 | 11-04-1782 | |
Fourth | 11-03-1783 to 10-31-1784 | 11-03-1783 | |
Fifth | 11-01-1784 to 11-06-1785 | 11-29-1784 | |
Sixth | 11-07-1785 to 11-05-1786 | 11-23-1785 | |
Seventh | 11-06-1786 to 11-04-1787 | 02-02-1787 | |
Eighth | 11-05-1787 to 11-02-1788 | 01-21-1788 | |
Ninth | 11-03-1788 to 03-03-1789** | None | None |
* The Articles of Confederation was ratified by the mandated 13th State on February 2, 1781, and the dated adopted by the Continental Congress to commence the new United States in Congress Assembled government was March 1, 1781. The USCA convened under the Articles of Confederation Constitution on March 2, 1781.** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in Congress Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be commencement date of the Constitution of 1787's federal government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.
Philadelphia | Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774 | |
Philadelphia | May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776 | |
Baltimore | Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777 | |
Philadelphia | March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777 | |
Lancaster | September 27, 1777 | |
York | Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778 | |
Philadelphia | July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783 | |
Princeton | June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783 | |
Annapolis | Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784 | |
Trenton | Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784 | |
New York City | Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788 | |
New York City | October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789 | |
New York City | March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790 | |
Philadelphia | Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800 | |
Washington DC | November 17,1800 to Present |
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202-239-1774 | Office
Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals
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